Skin cancer and adnexal tumours are conditions that arise from the cells of the skin or its associated structures, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. These conditions vary widely in behaviour, appearance, and severity. Some grow slowly and remain localised, while others may be more aggressive and require timely treatment.
In Singapore, skin cancers are less common than in countries with predominantly fair-skinned populations, but can still occur and are regularly diagnosed. Early assessment is important, as treatment options and outcomes depend on the type of lesion and how early it is detected.
At Auria Dermatology Clinic, we assess and manage different types of skin cancers and adnexal tumours, with care guided by clinical findings and histological diagnosis.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the outer layer of the skin and typically grows slowly. BCC rarely spreads to other parts of the body but can cause local tissue damage if left untreated.
Lesions may appear as:
BCC often develops on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, scalp, and neck. Concerns are usually related to gradual growth or changes over time.
Skin cancer can develop over time as a result of long-term sun exposure. Ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight can gradually damage skin cells, even when sunburn is not obvious. This means that the effects of sun exposure often build up slowly over many years.
Risk tends to increase with age, as the skin has had more time to accumulate sun-related damage. People with lighter skin tones may be more susceptible, but skin cancer can occur in all skin types. Individuals who have had skin cancer before, or who have a weakened immune system, may also have a higher risk and benefit from closer monitoring.
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from squamous cells in the skin and tends to grow faster than basal cell carcinoma. While many cases remain localised, some may spread if not treated promptly.
SCC may present as:
These lesions commonly occur on sun-exposed areas such as the face, scalp, hands, and lower legs.
Certain skin cancers are more likely to develop after many years of sun exposure, as ultraviolet (UV) rays can gradually damage skin cells over time. Areas of skin that have been repeatedly inflamed, injured, or slow to heal may also be more vulnerable.
Risk tends to increase with age, reflecting the cumulative effects of environmental exposure across a lifetime. Individuals with a weakened immune system or those on immunosuppressants may have a higher risk, as the body’s ability to repair damaged skin is reduced. In some cases, occupational or environmental factors such as prolonged outdoor work or repeated exposure to specific substances may also contribute.
Melanoma develops from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin. Although less common than other skin cancers, melanoma can be more aggressive and requires early detection.
Features that raise concern include:
Melanoma risk is higher in individuals who have had periods of intense sun exposure, especially when this has led to sunburns in the past. People with a larger number of moles, or moles that look unusual in size, shape, or colour, may also be more susceptible.
A family history of melanoma can increase risk, suggesting a genetic component in some cases. Reduced immune function may also play a role, as the body may be less able to detect and repair abnormal skin cells.
Adnexal tumours are growths that arise from the skin’s supporting structures, including hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sweat glands. These tumours are relatively uncommon and may be benign or malignant. Because their appearance can overlap with other skin conditions, further evaluation is often required to establish an accurate diagnosis.
Trichoblastoma is a benign tumour originating from hair follicle cells. It typically presents as a slow-growing, skin-coloured or slightly pigmented nodule, most often on the head or neck. Although benign, it may resemble basal cell carcinoma on examination, which is why histological confirmation is sometimes needed.
Trichoepithelioma is a benign hair follicle tumour that may occur as a single lesion or as multiple small bumps, often on the face. Some forms are inherited. These lesions are usually stable over time but may be assessed to differentiate them from other skin tumours.
Sebaceous adenoma is a benign growth arising from oil-producing glands. It often appears as a yellowish or flesh-coloured bump on the face or scalp. In some cases, multiple sebaceous tumours may be associated with underlying genetic conditions, and further assessment may be recommended.
Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare but malignant tumour of the sebaceous glands. It most commonly affects the eyelids but can also occur elsewhere on the skin. Lesions may appear as firm nodules or thickened areas and may be mistaken for benign conditions initially. Early diagnosis is important due to the potential for local invasion or spread.
Syringomas are benign sweat gland tumours that typically present as small, flesh-coloured or yellowish bumps, often around the eyelids or cheeks. They are harmless and usually do not require treatment unless they cause cosmetic concern.
Porocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumour arising from sweat glands. It may present as a slowly enlarging nodule or ulcerated lesion, often on the lower limbs or trunk. Because of its rarity and variable appearance, diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy, and treatment usually involves surgical removal.
Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and skin examination. This includes assessment of lesion appearance, size, colour, and location, as well as changes over time.
Additional steps may include:
Accurate diagnosis is essential to guide appropriate treatment.
Treatment depends on the type of skin cancer or tumour, its size, location, and depth, as well as individual health factors.
Options may include:
You may consider seeing a dermatologist if you notice:
A consultation with Dr Laura Hui allows for accurate diagnosis and discussion of suitable management options.
Skin cancer is less common in Singapore compared to some Western countries, but cases do occur and are regularly diagnosed, particularly in older adults and individuals with significant sun exposure.
Not all skin cancers behave the same way. Some grow slowly and remain localised, while others can be more aggressive. Early assessment helps to determine the level of risk.
A biopsy is performed to confirm a diagnosis. Many biopsied lesions turn out to be benign or precancerous.
Many skin cancers can be effectively treated when detected early. Treatment approach and outcomes depend on the type and stage of the cancer.
Assessment by a dermatologist helps determine whether a skin lesion is benign, precancerous, or cancerous, and whether further investigation or treatment is needed. The consultation focuses on evaluating the lesion, explaining findings, and discussing appropriate next steps based on clinical assessment.
